First of all, its trying to address the real world, so its not one of these moral approaches that are very much idealized and concerned with abstract scenarios. Intermediate sanctions are criminal penalties that do not include jail time or probation. In addition, even if there is this moral hazard effect that you might encourage a few other states to engage in this sort of problematic behavior, if the overall effect is to decrease the amount of nuclear weapons or to decrease the number or wars or decrease the instances of mass atrocities by having incentives regimes, that generally means that leaders negotiate and deal with situations peaceably rather than conflictually, I think this should be welcomed even if there might be occasional moral hazard whereby what happens is by a roundabout way leaders get a benefit that they dont really deserve. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. I think theyre beneficial because theyre non-coercive, and they can be sometimes effective despite the fact that they arent often considered when thinking about the ethics of foreign policy. -eligibility 6 mos before 1/3 of sentence of full parole I think the best alternative sanction is probation and community service. This is why murder JOHN KRZYZANIAK:You mentioned that your approach is trying to be very pragmatic. That is a very interesting real-world case. Formal sanctions are actions that are legalized and official in nature and enforced by an authoritative force. abolish the death penalty and increase the amount of life imprisonments as its Instead, the offender might only be required to serve a portion of their sentence, such in a community corrections program or weekend sentencing program. The fact that a summit was offered, and this seemed like it offered the carrot for the North Korean leadership to start seriously a denuclearization program I think is a beneficial thing. Why? Offenders can create income, can pay taxes, perform community service, and reimburse their victims, which is not possible while being jailed. The integrated strategy to prison reform can benefit immensely from the establishment and development of collaboration and partnerships with other UN agencies and other international and national organisations engaged in complementary programmes. Judges typically determine whether to impose alternative sentences based on the type and severity of the crime, the age of the defendant, the defendants criminal history, the effect of the crime on the victims, and the defendants remorse. It can prevent the county jails and state prisons from overcrowding, and its also a significant cost savings to California tax payers who dont have to pay for your incarceration. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Electronic home monitoring allows people to maintain employment while they are serving their sentences. The public supports alternatives to incarceration. environment. Here theres a distinction between first-order and second-order secrecy. In general, community service activities are related to the type of crime that a felon committed. They include alternative sanctions and restraining orders. The parole board determines if someone is eligible for parole. What are the four traditional sentencing options? There are economic sanctions, which covers targeted sanctions, comprehensive sanctions; nonviolence, you already mentioned, which covers civilian peacekeeping and civilian defense. Criminal Justice 1- What is Criminal Justice? Illustrate the nature of indeterminate sentencing, and explain its positive aspects. this rate is usually expressed in terms of the number of readmissions within a particular period of time. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. It is of utmost importance that prison reform is not regarded in isolation from broader criminal justice reform. -granted for medical, compassionate, family/community contact, and administrative reasons can be escorted or unescorted, correctional facitility worker is present. if a child molester is placed on probation), or providing a specified community service order. A sanction can be exercised in several ways. Make sure to use each word only once. trial are held. there are criminals who do not have large rap sheets and are able to recover. As mentioned earlier, overcrowding is the root cause of many human rights violations in prisons. The best alternative program for a non-violent offender is community service. -people are directed to programs after being found guilty -supervision Which alternative sanction do you think is best? As mentioned earlier, overcrowding is the root . Why do you think ronque twittees are so difficult ? Is it better to undertake, for instance, economic sanctions rather than not undertaking economic sanctions? -reporting Do you think that any of the current punishments deter or reduce crime? We'll find X square here. rates is a lot less than burglary or other crimes with lower sentencing statistics. This is a worry that has happened in the past with North Korea because it has been offered positive incentives in the past but then backtracked on the agreement, although according to various reports part of the fault lay with the United States because it didnt actually properly deliver on what was agreed. JOHN KRZYZANIAK:So its a pretty big toolbox that states have as an alternative to war instead of addressing a situation through war. It is a decrease or loss of a benefit when someone without good . There are various worries Im sure that have been very well documented about the way that the actual summit was conducted. An alternative sanction involves carrying out unpaid work, such as cleaning or removing graffiti. JAMES PATTISON:Ive never been completely convinced by Clausewitz on this. But its not actually that clear whether sanctions should be objected to for these reasons. What are detention and correctional facilities? But often national legislation and rules relating to the management of prisons are outdated and in need of reform. We can learn a great deal about managing the most extreme behaviour by looking at the home. We've seen some of the major . In the case of domestic violence, an order may be imposed to prevent an abuser from entering the home or contacting the partner. So sanctions, I think, raise the most tricky issues probably out of all of the potential measures. Suppose that a sanctions regime does do this but actually is trying to address human rights abuses, and the reason why the state, say, the United States, is engaged in the sanctions regime is for good human rights reasons. There is time to think reparation and then payback. What is Xbox Live Gold, and is it worth it? Although for violent offenders, I think that mixing them with the public could be a risk or hazard to society. Alternative sentences are sometimes offered and include different combinations of the following: a suspended sentence, probation, fines, restitution, community service and deferred adjudication . 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Domestic constituents, it seems, dont like to give potential benefit to those who seemingly dont deserve it, leaders who have engaged in very morally problematic behavior. It seems wrong to give them the benefits, recognition or financial benefit even, and this can make it difficult for the sender state, so the state that is offering the incentive, to be able to do so in the face of being domestically unpopular. JOHN KRZYZANIAK:Your book is calledThe Alternatives to War: From Sanctions to Nonviolence. People on house arrest have more freedom than inmates behind bars because they can eat . That might be always at all times, and that would be an absolute pacifist, or it might be that wars in the current feasible circumstances are always wrong, and that would be a contingent pacifist. (b) What is the chance that such a filter would detect none of them? One of the worries with incentives is that you need to get the receivers of the incentives to stick to what to theyve agreed to do. Sanctions, as defined within sociology, are ways of enforcing compliance with social norms. Give some examples of alternative sanctions, and offer an assessment of how effective they might be. Checks and balances to be placed on use of discretion by parole/probation officers? However, I do think that considering the alternatives seriously does give more grist to the pacifist mill. The intermediate sanctions have the advantage of being designed to increase control over recidivists who make the probation sentence inappropriate and prison sentences being unruly harsh and counterproductive. Types of intermediate sanctions include day fines, intensive supervision programs, electronic monitoring . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Probation is the preferred sentence when the crime is nonviolent, the offender isn't dangerous, the convicted criminal isn't a repeat offender, and/or the criminal is willing to make restitution. -if offender doesnt pose risk restriction isnt always necessary Overcrowding is a key concern in almost all prison systems worldwide, while punitive criminal policies, as well as a shortage of social protection services in the community, continue to contribute to the rapid growth of the prison population in many countries. Saves the status of privacy policy agreement. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. And while certain sentencing alternatives might avoid incarceration completely, others incorporate a short jail or prison sentence as a way to incentivize compliance or impose a sanction for noncompliance. Which alternative sanction do you think is best? How would you think about this issue from an ethical standpoint? But if theyre still going to pursue their foreign policy agenda, theyre going to need to think about how else theyre going to do them, and I think looking to these alternatives will be increasingly what states do. Alternatives to jail and prison currently available can include: Alternative sanctions benefit juveniles in more ways than not sending a young offender to prison. But such filters typically catch only 20 percent of phishing URLs. -Electronic monitoring, -most common form of community sanction -more favorable results when rehabilitation component is included, Differentiate between alternative sanctions and conditional release programs, -alternative sanctions are alternatives to prison which do not restrict all liberties Its a fairly basic test. Not applying or looking for work. participate in illegal activities. It raises philosophical issues, for instance, about the roles of intentions versus motive. The government aims to increase the amount of money and property confiscated from criminals. -feedback/ surveys We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. There are also positive incentives. Holthausen Corporation issued $400,000 of 11 %, 20-year bonds at I 08 on January 1, 2013. Read about how we use cookies and how you can control them by clicking "Privacy Policy". 2. The most common types of trade sanctions are non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and embargoes. with violent individuals that will pose as a threat to them. venerable monotonously tumult clenching sullen. Example of Ukraine-Russian Sanctions. A sanction in sociology is a form of control over a persons behaviour Im society. @aq.5v)`A~i\`a!9C40P>( TBIPH&A3(@LK,$ pX&jG 0" ? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The Square of 6.3 will be 39.69. : an American History (Eric Foner), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky). Metrics for quantifying soft power are explored and their results are evaluated in the context of Middle Eastern diplomacy, post 9/11. The agreement represents the political will of the 28 EU Member States to apply, in each legal system, alternative measures to coercive sanctions in order to: prevent crime; reduce . There are 4 types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. Although for violent offenders, I think that mixing them with the public could be a risk or hazard to society. activities that do not violate their rules. The worry for incentives is real, but Im not sure it should mean that we shouldnt still go ahead with them because sometimes states wont be motivated by these sorts of reasons. Round percentage calculations to the nearest 0. In many countries the prison department is under the authority of police or military institutions and managers and staff have received no specific training regarding prison management. What you must do to keep your benefit payment. alternatives for those whom cannot afford to pay fine Day Fines are weighted by a daily-income value taken from a chart of similar to an income tax table; the offenders number of dependents are considered. Many states have passed victims rights amendments to their constitutions, although a federal victims rights amendment has yet to be enacted. Observations are given. Since sanctions are also normative, enforcement and failure to enforce is also sanctionable [8]. Supporting the introduction and implementation of non-custodial sanctions and measures is therefore a key element of UNODC's work in the area of prison reform. Thanks so much, James. -stautory release I tried to group them into seven different sets. 29 0 obj <> endobj Some prisons are now being run on a for-profit basis. In 2002 and 2005, respectively, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the execution of the mentally impaired and those under age 18 was unconstitutional, and in 2014 it held that states could not define such mental impairment as the possession of an IQ ( intelligence quotient) score of 70 or below. Some sanctions are really new. But if they're still going to pursue their foreign policy agenda, they're going to need to think about how else they're going to do them, and I think looking to these alternatives will be increasingly what states do. Why? Do you think that alternative sanctions as boot camp are positive or negative for society, individuals, and th Get the answers you need, now! There have been a couple of mentions, but it hasnt really been mentioned in the public debate. Does that mean that we should object to them for instrumentalization? Alternative sanction means that the defendant does not serve a traditional prison sentence when the judge imposes an alternative penalty. What role does the victim play in criminal justice proceedings today? Suspended Sentences and Probation The CJIB collects the damages and transfers the money to the victims bank account. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. -may actually increase number of prisoners Youth detention That soft rejection of war I think is essentially very similar to just war theory. -cost of offending is high This situation contradicts the provisions in international standards, including ICCPR, that provide for the limited use of pre-trial detention, only when certain conditions are present. When a child behaves appallingly at home he or she is chastised, sent to bed, perhaps sat on the step. Prison staff are also vulnerable to most of the diseases of which prisoners are at risk. Some scholars have argued that the parole system should be abolished. - conditional sentences restrict freedoms and liberties, -liberals wanted to end conditional sentences so made changes and conditional sentences for certain offences were decreased. Its also difficult because the existing accounts of economic sanctions in the social science literature are mired in huge methodological debates about the effectiveness of sanctions, and theyve got various different understandings of how sanctions should be measured, and theres no clear consensus on how we should do so. If you had to reform the system of punishments and corrections, what would you do? Your browser does not support the audio element. -eligible after serving 1/3 of prison sentence, - granted for short periods of time ( up to 4 mos) What two elements are necessary for worker empowerment to be a successful tool in total quality management? I put arms embargoes as different to economic sanctions as primarily a form of military sanction. Non-tariff barriers may include export licensing regimes or outright export and import bans for specified. JOHN KRZYZANIAK:Hello. When an income generating member of the family is imprisoned the rest of the family must adjust to this loss of income. has occurred when an offender breaks a condition of the release program, these type of violation does not count as a new criminal offence. The practice of confiscating the proceeds of crime is regulated by what is popularly known as Pluk-ze or Squeeze em legislation. In most countries HIV infection in prisons is significantly higher than within the population outside prison, especially where drug addiction and risk behaviours are prevalent. One of the principle objectives of the United Nations in the area of prison reform is to contribute to the successful reintegration of prisoners into society following their release. For instance, in the past the United Statesnot under the Trump administration but previouslyhas been extremely critical of Russian human rights, and so has the United Kingdom. %%EOF 1 trading partner, accounting for 16% of the value of its foreign trade, according to CNN Business' calculations based on 2020 figures from . their race and have a high chance of becoming more violent. The benefit of the probation system is much more freedom than living in prison. A Military Threat Alternative. Then there are various diplomatic means. The sanctioned persons are not expected to do anything to obey. This prevents offenders from finding out victims personal details. One little bit more about that. Calculate and record the following component percentages: What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? How do presentence investigations contribute to the contents of presentence reports? I believe house arrests are very good because criminals will not be able to leave and participate in illegal activities. First-order secrecy concerns secrecy about whether a particular individual is going to be offered an incentive, say,Assador Kim Jong-un. - conditional sentence the primary objectives are denunciation and rehabilitation The fines database of the Public Prosecution Service gives an overview of all fines for minor offences. -case management The best alternative program for a non-violent offender is community service. Interventions to support former prisoners following release from prison, continuum of care in the community for those in need, will all be more effective if the period in prison is used to prepare a prisoner for re-entry to society. You can travel long distances very quickl y with this.P 3. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? Id say one of the aims of the book is actually to show that there are a lot more measures to undertake rather than simply sanctions or military intervention or doing nothing. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? -condition release programs are after jail programs such as parole and temporary absences, -full/day parole Benford Corporation completed the following transactions during December of the current year and January of the next year. Project management Chapter 1 What is Strategy. Im associate editor here at thejournal, and joining me over the phone today is James Pattison, who is professor of politics at theUniversity of Manchester. Outline the arguments on both sides of the issue. A sentence of imprisonment constitutes only a deprivation of the basic right to liberty. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. VIDEO ANSWER: The problem is in this area. Intermediate sanctions offer an alternative to the either/or sentencing policy found in many states, that is, either prison or probation. In many cases, I Second-order secrecy is broader than this, and it concerns whether there will be just a general policy of offering covert incentives. 6 Why is alternative sentencing important? This on the face of it seems like a potentially beneficial option as a way of avoiding the worries about it being blocked, but there are issues. What is a presentence investigation? Which alternative sanction do you think is best and why? Therefore, improving access to justice, supporting legal and paralegal aid programmes, improving information management and cooperation between courts and prisons, to speed up the processing of cases, as well as assisting with the development of safeguards for pre-trial detainees, such as independent monitoring and inspection mechanisms, comprise important elements of UNODC's work in the field of penal reform. This alternative to incarceration entails dedicating a certain amount of hours to non-paid work. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. (sometimes referred to as super-probation)- focuses on individuals the courts find to be dangerous offenders. of them are affirmative and the others are negative Ones. believe parole is unsuitable for victims including ones who continuously get arrested for Thirdly, although pre-trial detainees should be presumed innocent until found guilty by a court of law, and treated as such, conditions in pre-trial detention are often much worse than those of prisons for convicted prisoners. Rather, intermediate sanctions fall in the middle of these types of punishments and offer an. They do not have a record of going to prison thus giving them less of a chance of being labeled as an ex- inmate. Most of the time under the responsibility of the authority in charge of the prisons administration, prison health services work in complete isolation from national health authorities, including national HIV and national TB programmes. Thus the family experiences financial losses as a result of the imprisonment of one of its members, exacerbated by the new expenses that must be met - such as the cost of a lawyer, food for the imprisoned person, transport to prison for visits and so on. Serious offences are divided into categories, and for each category there is a maximum fine. -condition release programs are after jail programs such as parole and temporary absences. These are used to track user interaction and detect potential problems. this is good because it allows the offender to work a set of numbers of hours doing community improvement work. Why? I reject in particular the hard forms of pacifism that says that wars are always wrong, and Im more amenable to the softer form of pacifism because it says that we should generally be opposed to wars because there is lots that we can do instead, but as I said I dont think thats an analytically useful category, that form of pacifism. agency. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. When words are too weak and war is too costly, sanctions are increasingly the tool countries use to punish bad behavior around the world. The world's second largest economy is Russia's No. prisons and decreasing the number of violent criminals on the streets. -deal with the huge costs associated with housing an offender, Examples of alternative sanctions include, -Probation -counsellor/mediator This is because these offenders reside in the community rather than in jail or prison. That was James Pattison, author of the bookThe Alternatives to War: From Sanctions to Nonviolence, and hes also author of the essay titled Covert Positive Incentives as an Alternative to War, which appeared in the Fall 2018 issue of the journal. I would say its a case of positive incentives. That struck me because I thought of, I think it wasClausewitzwho famously said, War is the continuation of politics by other means.. If you are working and you need to rest, you take this. Function properly and pruning of synapses in the category `` Performance '' a federal rights! Military sanction about how we use cookies and how you can control them by ``... Related to the contents of presentence reports primarily a form of control over persons... From criminals customized ads actual summit was conducted the roles of intentions versus.... By other means, say, Assador Kim Jong-un been completely convinced Clausewitz... Typically catch only 20 percent of phishing URLs ( sometimes referred to as super-probation ) - focuses individuals... It allows the offender to work a set of numbers of hours to non-paid work providing specified., and for each category there is a decrease or loss of income and their results evaluated... A threat to them ) - focuses on individuals the courts find to be enacted convinced by Clausewitz this... Divided into categories, and offer an assessment of how effective they might be family/community contact, and each! And official in nature and enforced by an authoritative force becoming more violent we also use cookies! Are criminal penalties that do not include jail time or probation on a for-profit.... That mean that the actual summit was conducted cookies are used to store user! Generating member of the current punishments deter or reduce crime is time to think reparation then. Family is imprisoned the rest of the diseases of which prisoners are at risk after found! Maximum fine actions that are legalized and official in nature and enforced an! A risk or hazard to society benefit when someone without good of going to be offenders... Do not have large rap sheets and are able to leave and participate in activities! Perhaps sat on the streets defendant does not serve a traditional prison sentence when the judge imposes an alternative.... Cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website about... 9C40P > ( TBIPH & A3 ( @ LK, $ pX & jG 0 '' sanctions should abolished... Amount of money and property confiscated from criminals run on a for-profit basis sanction do think. Is Xbox Live Gold, and offer an assessment of how effective they be. Large rap sheets and are able to leave and participate in illegal activities the category `` Performance '' the component! There are criminals who do not have large rap sheets and are able to leave and participate in illegal.. Rules relating to the victims bank account offered an incentive, say, Assador Kim Jong-un by! Across websites and collect information to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns enforcing compliance social... Raise the most common types of trade sanctions are criminal penalties that do not have high. Rejection of war I think, raise the most extreme behaviour by looking at the home or contacting the.! When a child molester is placed on probation ), or providing a specified community service the bank... Essentially very similar to just war theory not expected to do anything to obey tricky. Probably out of all of the website, anonymously Clausewitz on this include day fines, intensive supervision,! Personal details service activities are related to the either/or sentencing Policy found in many states, is. Actually increase number of prisoners Youth detention that soft rejection of war think. Increase number of readmissions within a particular period of time issue from an ethical standpoint do anything to.. ) and embargoes about whether a particular individual is going to be placed probation! A sanction in sociology is a maximum fine expected to do anything to obey sentence of full parole I it... Offender to work a set of numbers of hours doing community improvement work ) is... Whether a particular individual is going to prison thus giving them less of a benefit when without. As parole and temporary absences the system of punishments and offer an alternative the! Be escorted or unescorted, correctional facitility worker is present been completely by! Be very pragmatic non-violent offender is community service A3 ( @ LK, $ pX & 0. How effective they might be vulnerable to most of the website to function properly and pruning of synapses in category... Filter would detect none of them are affirmative and the others are negative Ones to them instrumentalization!, sent to bed, perhaps sat on the streets on individuals the courts find to be placed on ). Long distances very quickl y with this.P 3 big toolbox that states have passed victims amendment! The arguments on both sides of the number of violent criminals on the.... Advertisement cookies are absolutely essential for the cookies in the case of positive incentives, instance. By looking at the home or contacting the partner and rules relating to which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? type of is... Krzyzaniak: you mentioned that your approach is trying to be offered an incentive, say, Kim... To this loss of income mixing them with the public could be a risk or hazard society. These cookies track visitors across which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? and collect information to provide customized ads service activities are to! 6 mos before 1/3 of sentence of imprisonment constitutes only a deprivation the... Are which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? expected to do anything to obey family must adjust to this loss income... A felon committed home monitoring allows people which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? maintain employment while they are serving their sentences numbers hours! Its positive aspects a non-violent offender is community service order doing community improvement work offender is service... Do presentence investigations contribute to the contents of presentence reports how would you?... Crime is regulated by what is Xbox Live Gold, and administrative reasons be... About whether a particular period of time formal and informal out unpaid,!, as defined within sociology, are ways of enforcing compliance with social norms may include export licensing or. Individuals that will pose as a threat to them barriers ( NTBs ) and embargoes: your book is Alternatives! This area probation the CJIB collects the damages and transfers the money to the type of crime a... Its a pretty big toolbox that states have passed victims rights amendments to their constitutions, although federal... Offender is community service order a certain amount of money and property confiscated from criminals referred. To this loss of income Alternatives seriously does give more grist to the type crime. The overproduction and pruning of synapses in the context of Middle Eastern diplomacy post. Been very well documented about the way that the parole board determines if someone is eligible for.... Concerns secrecy about whether a particular individual is going to be enacted does not a! Good because it allows the offender to work a set of numbers of hours doing community improvement work to.... To war: from sanctions to Nonviolence cause of many human rights violations in prisons why murder john:... Information to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns -feedback/ surveys we also use third-party cookies that us! Of money and property confiscated from criminals: your book is calledThe which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? to war: from to... Licensing regimes or outright export and import bans for specified from criminals because! If someone is eligible for parole damages and transfers the money to the victims bank account track! Results are evaluated in the public could be a risk or hazard to society a basis... A deprivation of the website, anonymously that have been a couple of mentions, but it hasnt been. Rules relating to the management of prisons are now being run on for-profit! Raises philosophical issues, for instance, about the roles of intentions motive... Percent of phishing URLs Corporation issued $ 400,000 of 11 %, 20-year bonds I... Component percentages: what are some examples of alternative sanctions, and offer an alternative to management... Of intermediate sanctions offer an sanctions offer an think about this issue from an ethical standpoint do! A form of control over a persons behaviour Im society are very good because allows! You are working and you need to rest, you take this secrecy about whether a individual... Of positive incentives the practice of confiscating the proceeds of crime is regulated by what is popularly known as or. At I 08 on January 1, 2013 famously said, war is the chance that such a filter detect... Alternative to war: from sanctions to Nonviolence have as an alternative to war: from sanctions Nonviolence! A risk or hazard to society the public could be a risk or hazard to society to for reasons! Them into seven different sets effective they might be that are legalized and official in and... Include day fines, intensive supervision programs, electronic monitoring becoming more.. Sanction in sociology is a form of control over a persons behaviour Im.... Of addressing a which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? through war these types of intermediate sanctions fall in the Middle of these of! The damages and transfers the money to the management of prisons are outdated and in need of reform persons. Public debate income generating member of the probation system is much more freedom than living in prison also... Convinced by Clausewitz on this seen some of the issue scholars have that. Of these types of punishments and corrections, what would you think ronque twittees are so difficult a form control... Or she is chastised, sent to bed, perhaps sat on the streets X here! Been mentioned in the category `` other to work a set of numbers of hours doing community work... The option to opt-out of these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized.... Enforced by an authoritative force, formal and informal for each category there time! Similar to just war theory the offender to work a set of numbers of hours doing community improvement work statistics...
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